Santa Ana activists to push for an Anti-Graffiti Ordinance on Monday

Graffiti in Santa Ana’s “South Coast” Neighborhood

You would think that the activist types in Santa Ana would be up in arms over the impending water rate increase that will be forced on us at Monday night’s Santa Ana City Council meeting, but in reality they are using this opportunity to launch an Anti-Graffiti ordinance, during public comments no less.

Some of those involved in this anti-graffiti effort include blogger and OC GOP Central Committee member Thomas Gordon; Julie Stroud, who is involved in the informal association we often refer to as Santa Ana’s “Usual Suspects”; and former City Council candidate Tish Leon.

Gordon in particular has a major interest in this issue.  He also has served on an Anti-Graffiti Task Force in Denver, CO, where he maintains a second home.

I agree that graffiti is awful – but our city is broke and our police department is understaffed.  Where is the money going to come from to pay for this?  And will the city really enforce this ordinance if they do pass it?

Below is a draft of the copy they have come up with for their proposed Anti-Graffiti ordinance.  Be forewarned – it is very long.

Section 1: Findings and Purpose.

The purpose of this Ordinance is to prevent the spread of graffiti vandalism, protect public safety, and establish a program for the expeditious removal of graffiti from structures on public and private property. The Council is authorized to enact this Ordinance pursuant to its police powers, as specified in Section _____ of the City Charter and _______ that authorize the City, under certain circumstances, to provide for the prevention and removal of graffiti from private and public property.

The Council finds and determines that graffiti is obnoxious and results in blight and the deterioration of property values and of the comfortable enjoyment of life and property for city residents and business owners, all to the detriment of the City. The City Council further finds and determines that graffiti is a public nuisance that must be abated to avoid its detrimental impact on the City and to prevent the further spread of graffiti. The Council further finds and determines that graffiti is often used by criminal street gangs in attempts to mark or claim territory and, as a result, graffiti promotes conflict between different gangs and their members that leads to violence, thereby creating an immediate danger to public health and safety
Unless the city acts to remove graffiti from public and private property, the graffiti tends to remain. Other properties then become the target of graffiti, and entire neighborhoods are affected and become less desirable places in which to be, all to the detriment of the City.

The City Council intends, through the adoption of this Ordinance, to provide additional
enforcement tools to protect public and private property from acts of graffiti vandalism
and defacement. The Council does not intend for this Ordinance to conflict with any
existing anti-graffiti state laws.

Section 2: Definitions.

As used in this Chapter, the following terms shall have the meanings as set forth below:
a. “Adhesive stickers” means any sheet of paper, fabric, plastic or other material with an adhesive, paste, or gummed backing, which when applied or affixed to any surface either creates a permanent contact or is not easily removable without the use of solvents.
b. “Aerosol paint container” means any aerosol container, regardless of the material from which it is made, that is adapted or made for the purpose of spraying paint or other substances capable of defacing property.
c. “Etching tool” means any sharp or pointed instrument, that is capable of etching or marking glass, plastic, wood, metal, or concrete surfaces, including, but not limited to, picks, scribes, awls, chisels, markers, and etchers, or any masonry or glass drill bit, carbide drill bit, glass cutter, grinding stone, etching cream or acid etching solution.
d. “Expense of Abatement,” “Abatement Expenses,” “Costs of the Abatement,” and/or “Abatement and related administrative costs” include, but are not limited to, court costs, attorneys fees, costs of removal of the graffiti or other inscribed material, costs of repair or replacement of defaced property, and the law enforcement costs incurred by the City and/or any other public agency as authorized pursuant to Government Code Section 38772(d)(1).
e. “Felt tip marker” means any broad-tipped marker pen with a tip exceeding three-eighths of one inch or any other similar implement containing an ink that is not water soluble.
f. “Graffiti” means any unauthorized inscription, word, figure, mark, adhesive sticker or design that is written, marked, etched, scratched, drawn, painted, labeled, pasted, applied or affixed, on any surface of public or private real or personal property, including, but not limited to, buildings, walls, windows, signs, structures, places or other surfaces regardless of the nature of the material of which the surface is composed.
g. “Graffiti implement” means any implement capable of marking, scarring, damaging, or defacing any surface to create graffiti, including, but not limited to, aerosol paint containers, felt tip markers, etching tools, paint sticks or graffiti sticks, adhesive stickers, spray actuators, marking pens, drill bits, grinding stones or any other similar implement.
h. “Graffiti violations” of law are those violations referred to in Government Code Section 38772(d)(3) and any violation of this Chapter.
i. “Paint stick or graffiti stick” means any device containing a solid form of paint, chalk, wax, epoxy, or other similar substance capable of being applied to a surface by pressure and that, upon application, leaves a visible mark on the surface at least three-eighths of an inch in width or is not water soluble.
j. “Spray actuator” (also known as a spray tip, nozzle, or button) means an object or device that is capable of being attached to an aerosol or other paint container for the purpose of spraying the substance contained therein.

Section 3: Prohibited Acts.

A. Defacement. It shall be unlawful for any person to apply graffiti to any natural
or manmade surface on any public or private-owned property or, without
permission of the owner or occupant.
B. Directing, Aiding and Abetting It shall be unlawful for any person to solicit or command another person to apply graffiti, or for any person to aid or abet or agree to aid or abet another person to plan to apply or apply graffiti.

C. Possession of Graffiti Implements.
1. By Minors at or Near School Facilities. It shall be unlawful for any person
under the age of eighteen (18) years to possess any graffiti implement
while on school property, grounds, facilities, buildings, structures,
or in areas immediately adjacent to those specific locations upon public
property, or upon private property without written consent of
the owner or occupant of such private property. The provisions of this
Section shall not apply to the possession of broad-tipped markers by a
minor attending or traveling to or from a school at which the minor is
enrolled if the minor is participating is a class at the school that formally
requires the possession of broad-tipped markers.

1a. The burden of proof in any prosecution for violation of the Section shall be upon the minor student to establish the need to possess a broad-tipped marker.

2. In Designated Public Places. It shall be unlawful for any person to possess
any graffiti implement, with the intent to use or apply graffiti, while in or
upon any public facility, park, playground, swimming pool, recreational
facility, or other public building or structure owned or operated by the City
or while in or within fifty (50) feet of an underpass, bridge abutment, storm
channel, or similar types of infrastructure unless otherwise authorized by the City.

Section 4: Access to Graffiti Implements.

A. Furnishing to Minors Prohibited. It shall be unlawful for any person, other than
a parent or legal guardian, to sell, exchange, give, loan, or otherwise furnish, or
cause or permit to be exchanged, given, loaned, or otherwise furnished, any
aerosol paint container, broad-tipped marker, gum/paste/self-adhesive label or sticker, etching cream, spray actuator, or paint stick to any person under the age of eighteen (18) years without the written consent of the parents or guardian of the minor.

B. Display and Storage.
1. Every person who owns, conducts, operates, or manages a retail commercial
establishment selling aerosol paint containers, paint sticks, glass etching solution, or broad-tipped markers shall store these item in an area continuously observable, through direct visual observation or surveillance equipment, by employees of the retail establishment during the regular course of business.
2. In the event that a commercial retail establishment is unable to store the
aerosol paint containers, paint sticks, glass etching solution, or broad-tipped markers in an area as provided above, the establishment shall store the containers, sticks, and markers in an area not accessible to the public without employee assistance.

C. Signage Required. Every retail commercial establishment selling graffiti implements shall:
1. Place a sign in clear public view at or near the display of such products stating: “Graffiti is against the law. Any person who defaces real or personal property with paint or any other liquid or device is guilty of a crime punishable by imprisonment of up to ____ days and/or a fine up to $____”.
2. Place a sign in the direct view of such persons responsible for accepting customer payment for graffiti implements stating: “Selling spray paint, paint sticks, or broad-tipped markers to persons less than eighteen (18) years of age is against the law and punishable by a fine of $____”.
Section 5: Penalties.
A. Fines and Imprisonment. Any person violating this Ordinance shall be punished by a fine of two hundred and fifty dollars ($250.00) for the first offense; five hundred dollars ($500.00) for the second offense; and one thousand ($1,000.00) for each subsequent offense, or by imprisonment in the City jail for a term not to exceed sixty (60) days, or both fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court.
1. In the case of a minor, the parents or legal guardian shall liable with the minor for payment of all fines.
2. Failure of the parents or legal guardian to make payment will result in the filing of a lien on the parents’ or legal guardian’s property that includes the fine and administrative costs.
3. Upon and application and finding of indigence, the court may decline to order fines against the minor, parents or guardian.
B. Restitution. In addition to any punishment specified in the court shall order any violator to make restitution to the victim for damages or loss caused directly or indirectly by the violator’s offense in the amount or manner determined by the court. In the case of a minor, the parents or legal guardian shall be ordered with the minor to make restitution.
C. Forfeiture of Personal Property. All personal property, including, but not limited to, automobiles, motorcycles, scooters, bicycles or skateboards, used or intended to be used in violating this Ordinance shall be forfeitable to the City. In forfeiting such personal property, the City shall follow procedures outlined in ________ of the City Code concerning forfeitures of personal property. In any forfeiture proceeding initiated under this Section, the court shall not order forfeiture unless it finds that the forfeiture is commensurate with the severity of the violation to the extent required by the United States Constitution.
D. Community Service. In lieu of, as part of, or in addition to the penalties specified in this section, a minor or adult shall be required to perform community service as described by the court based on the following minimum requirements:
1. The minor or adult shall perform not less than forty (40) hours of community service for the first offense, not less than eighty (80) for the second, and not less than one hundred twenty (120) for a third or subsequent offense.
2. At least one parent or guardian of the minor shall be in attendance a minimum of fifty percent (50%) of the assigned community service.
3. The period of community service shall be performed under the supervision of a community service provider approved by the City Chief of Police.
4. Reasonable effort shall be made to assign the minor or adult to a type of community service that is reasonably expected to have the most rehabilitative effect on the minor or adult, including community service that involves graffiti removal.
5. Any minor determined to be a ward of the court under California State Law, Section _______ as a result of committing an offense in the City shall be require, at the City’s option, to perform community service, including graffiti removal service of not less than forty (40) hours nor more than eighty (80) hours.
Section 6: Rewards for Information.
A. Pursuant to _____ of the City Code, the City may by resolution offer a reward for information leading to the apprehension and conviction of any person who places graffiti on any public or private property. In the event of damage to public or private property, the offender or the parents or legal guardian of any unemancipated minor must reimburse the City for any reward paid. In the event of multiple contributors of information, the reward amount shall be divided by the City in a manner it shall deem appropriate. Rewards shall be paid within sixty (60) days from conviction. For the purposes of this section, diversion of the offending violator to a community service program, or a plea bargain to a lesser offense, shall constitute a conviction.
B. Claims for rewards under this section shall be filed with the City in a manner specified by City Council.
C. No claim for a reward shall be allowed unless the City investigates and verifies the accuracy of the claim and determines that the requirements of this section have been satisfied.

Section 7: Removal of Graffiti

A. Removal by the Perpetrator. Any person applying graffiti on public or private property shall have the duty to remove the graffiti within twenty-four (24) hours after notice by the City or private owner of the property involved. Such removal shall be done in a manner prescribed by the City Chief of Police, the Director of the Department of Public Works, or any additional City department head, as authorized by the City Council. Any person applying graffiti shall be responsible for the removal or for the payment of the removal. Failure of any person to remove graffiti or pay for the removal shall constitute an additional violation of this Ordinance. Where graffiti is applied by an unemancipated minor, the parents or legal guardian shall also be responsible for such removal or the payment for the removal.
B. Removal by City. Whenever the City becomes aware of or is notified and determines that graffiti is located on publicly or privately owned property so as to be capable of being viewed by a person utilizing any public right-of-way or from other City property in the City viewable from a public or quasi-public place, the City shall be authorized to use public funds for the removal of the graffiti, or for the painting or repairing, water blasting, or use of graffiti removal sprays, but shall not authorize or undertake to provide for the painting or repair, water blasting, or use of graffiti removal sprays, of any more extensive an area than that where the graffiti is located, unless the City Manager, or the designee of the City Manager, determines in writing that a more extensive area is required to be repainted, repaired, water blasting, or use of graffiti removal sprays in order to avoid an aesthetic disfigurement to the neighborhood or community, or unless the property owner or responsible party agrees to pay for the costs of repainting or repairing, water blasting, or use of graffiti removal sprays the more extensive area.
1. Right of Entry on Private Property. Prior to entering upon private property or property owned by a public entity other than the City for the purpose of graffiti removal, the City shall attempt to secure the consent of the property owner or responsible party and a release of the City from liability for property damage or personal injury. If the property owner or responsible party fails to remove the offending graffiti within the time specified by this Ordinance, or if the City has requested consent to remove or paint over the offending graffiti and the property owner or responsible party has refused consent for entry on terms acceptable to the City and consistent with the terms of this Section, the City shall commence abatement and cost recovery proceedings for the graffiti removal according to the provisions specified below.
C. Property Owner Responsibility. Any person who is the owner or who has primary responsibility for control of private property or for repair or maintenance of private property in the City has a duty to remove graffiti from said property within five (5) days after its appearance.
1. Failure to Remove. If the property owner has not removed the graffiti within five (5) days after its appearance and has refused consent to the City to enter the property and abate the nuisance, the City may, pursuant to this Section, remove graffiti at the owner’s an expense as a public nuisance pursuant to the notice requirement of this Section.
2. Exceptions to the Removal Requirement. The removal requirements identified in this section shall not apply if the property owner or responsible party can demonstrate that:
a. The property owner or responsible party lacks the financial ability to remove the graffiti; or
b. The property owner or responsible party has an active program for the removal of graffiti and has scheduled the removal of the graffiti as part of that program, in which case it shall be unlawful to permit such property to remain defaced with graffiti for a period of five (5) days after service by first class mail of notice of the defacement.
3. Notice of Abatement. The City Manager or his/her designated representative shall cause written notice to be served upon the owner of the affected premises, as such owner’s name and address appears on the last equalized assessment roll or the supplemental roll, whichever is more current, by depositing the notice in the United States Postal Service enclosed in a sealed envelope with first-class postage thereon fully prepaid. The mailed notice shall be certified and addressed to the owner as stated above, and if there is no known address, then in care of the property address. The city shall also provide notice of such hearing to the person causing the graffiti and if such person be a minor, then also to his or her parent or guardian in the manner provided in Government Code Sections 38773.1, 38773.2 and 38773.5. Service shall be complete at the time of deposit in the United States Postal Service. The owner shall have five (5) days after the date of service of the notice to remove the graffiti or be subject to City removal of the graffiti and assessment of the costs of such removal as a lien on the subject property. The notice shall contain the following information:
“NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that you are required at your expense to remove or paint over the graffiti located on the property commonly known as (the street address and legal description of the property sufficient for identification of the property), Santa Ana, California, which is visible to public view within five (5) days after the date of this notice. The graffiti is visible to public view and therefore constitutes a public nuisance. If you fail to comply with this order City employees or private City contractors will enter upon your property and abate the public nuisance by the removal or painting over of the graffiti. The costs of the abatement by the City employees or its private contractors, if not paid, will be assessed upon your property and such costs will constitute a lien upon the land until paid.
All persons having any objections to or interest in said matters are hereby notified to submit any objections to the City Manager or his/her designated representative within five (5) days from the date of this notice.”
(An information sheet identifying any graffiti removal assistance programs available through the City and private graffiti removal contractors may be included.)
E. Due Process Hearing. If any objections are submitted to the City Manager within five (5) days after the date appearing on the notice of intent to remove graffiti, the City Manager, or his/her designated Hearing Officer, shall hold a hearing on the objections. If the City Manager or Hearing Officer overrules the objections, the Hearing Officer shall give written notice (“eradication order”) that the owner shall remove the graffiti within five (5) days after the date of the order and if the graffiti is not removed, the City shall enter upon the property, cause the removal, painting over (in such color as shall meet with the approval of the Hearing Officer), or such other eradication thereof as the Hearing Officer determines appropriate, and shall provide the owner and the responsible party thereafter with an accounting of the costs of the eradication effort on a full cost recovery basis. The determination of the Hearing Officer after the “due process” hearing shall be final and not appealable.

E. Cost Recovery Proceedings
1. Cost Hearing. The Owner or responsible party may request a cost hearing before the Hearing Officer on the eradication accounting, and appropriate due process must be extended to the Owner or responsible party. If following the requested cost hearing or, if no hearing is requested, after the implementation of the eradication order, the Hearing Officer determines that all or a portion of the costs are appropriately chargeable to the eradication effort, the total amount set forth in the eradication accounting, or an amount thereof determined as appropriate by the Hearing Officer, shall be due and payable by the Owner or responsible party within thirty (30) days
2. Lien. As to such property where the responsible party is the property owner, if all or any portion of the assessed eradication charges remain unpaid after thirty (30) days, pursuant to the authority created by California State Law, Section____, the portion thereof that remains unpaid shall constitute a lien on the property that was the subject of the eradication effort. The Director of Public Works shall present a Resolution of Lien to the City Council, and upon passage and adoption thereof, shall cause a certified copy of the Lien to be recorded in the Orange County Recorder’s Office.

Section 8: Ease of Removal and Prevention.
A. Common Utility Colors and Paint-Type. Any gas, electric, telephone, water, sewer, cable, telephone and other utility operating in the City shall paint its above-surface metal fixtures with a uniform paint type and color that meets with the approval of the City Manager, or the designee of the City Manager.
B. Condition Encroachment Permits. All encroachment permits issued by the City shall, among such other things, be conditioned:
1. The permittee’s application of an anti-graffiti material to the encroaching object of a type and nature that is acceptable to the City Manager, or the City Manager’s designee;
2. The permittee’s immediate removal of any graffiti;
3. The City’s right to remove graffiti or to paint the encroaching object; or
4. The permittee’s providing the City with sufficient matching paint and/or anti-graffiti material on demand for use in the painting of the encroaching object containing graffiti.
C. Condition Tentative Maps. In approving tentative or parcel maps, conditional use permits, variances, or other similar land use entitlements, the City shall consider imposing any or all of the following conditions, or other similar or related conditions, at the public hearing required by law for approval of the tentative or parcel map, conditional use permit, variance or other similar land use entitlement:
1. Use of Anti-Graffiti Material. Developer shall apply an anti-graffiti material of a type and nature that is acceptable to the City Manager, or the designee of the City Manager, to the publicly viewable surfaces on the improvements to be constructed at the site deemed by the City Manager, or designee, to be likely to attract graffiti.
2. Right of Access to Remove Graffiti. Developer shall grant, prior to resale of any of the parcels that are within the territory of the map, the right of entry over and access to such parcels, upon forty-eight (48) hours posting of notice by authorized City employees or agents, to the City for the purpose of removing or painting over graffiti;
3. Supply City with Graffiti-Removal Material. Developer shall, for a period of two (2) years after the resale of the final lot, provide the City with sufficient matching paint and/or anti-graffiti material on demand for use in the painting over or removal of graffiti; or
4. Owner to Immediately Remove Graffiti. Developer shall, either as part of the general conditions, covenants and restrictions, or separate covenants recorded against individual lots, prior to resale of any of the parcels, covenant in a form satisfactory to the City that the owner of the lots shall immediately remove any graffiti placed thereon.
D. Design of Potential Graffiti-Attracting Surfaces. Any applicant for design review approval, conditional use permit, special use permit, unclassified use permit, development agreement, or other form of development or building permit shall, to the extend deemed feasible by the City Manager, or the designee of the City Manager, have designed any building structures visible from any public or quasi-public place is such a manner to consider prevention of graffiti, including, but not limited to the following:
1. Use of a protective coating to provide for the prevention of or the effective and expeditious removal of graffiti
2. Use of additional lighting as a means of deterrence
3. Use of non-solid fencing
4. Use of landscaping designed to cover large expansive walls such as ivy or similar clinging vegetation;
5. Use of architectural design to break up long, continuous walls or solid areas; or
6. Use of a water projection system activated by a motion sensor.
E. Retro-Fit Existing Graffiti-Attracting Surfaces; Non-Residential Structures. The following provisions may be incorporated in a graffiti eradication order during an abatement hearing, at the discretion of the Hearing Officer.
1. At Owner’s Expense. Any surface of a structure on a parcel of land used for non-residential purposes that has been defaced with graffiti more than five (5) times in a twelve (12) month period shall be declared a public nuisance and required to be retrofitted, at the cost of the property owner, with features or qualities as may be established by the City as necessary to reduce the attractiveness of the surface for graffiti, or as necessary to permit more convenient or efficient removal of graffiti. In exercising the authority hereunder, the City may not impose a cost on the property owner of greater than $_____.
2. At City’s Cost. The owner of property used for non-residential purposes on which is located a surface of a structure that has been defaced with graffiti more than five (5) times in a twelve (12) month period shall permit the City to enter the property and, at the City’s cost, make modifications as necessary to reduce the attractiveness of the surface for graffiti, or as necessary to permit more convenient or efficient removal of graffiti.

Section 9: Trust Fund.

The City Council hereby creates the City of ¬¬¬¬_____________ Anti-Graffiti Trust Fund. Penalties assessed against violators of this Ordinance shall be placed in the fund, along with any monetary donations received from individuals or from the business community wishing to contribute to the fund. The Council shall direct the expenditures of monies in the fund. Such expenditures shall be restricted to the payment of the cost of graffiti removal, the payment, at the discretion of the City Manager, of rewards for information leading to the conviction of violation of the Ordinance, the costs of administering the Ordinance,; and such other public purposes as may be approved by the Council by resolution.
Minor and Parental Financial Responsibility for Graffiti Violations of Law.
Pursuant to Government Code Section 38772, the City Council makes the expense of summary abatement of graffiti violations of law committed by minor: (1) a personal obligation of both the minor causing the graffiti nuisance and the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) having custody and control of the minor; and (2) a lien against the property of the minor or a lien against the property of the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) having custody and control of the minor.
Pursuant to Government Code Section 38772, the County Probation Officer shall report the names and addresses of parent(s) or legal guardian(s) having custody and control of the minor responsible for a violation of this Chapter to the City Clerk.
Lien Assessment Procedure.
Pursuant to Government Code Section 38772, 38773, 38773.1, 38773.2, 38773.5, 38773.6 and/or 38773.7, the City shall be legally entitled to recover and collect abatement and related administrative costs incurred in the summary abatement of graffiti nuisances from the property owner maintaining the nuisance, as determined by the latest equalized assessment roll or supplemental roll, whichever is more current, and/or the minor or other person creating, causing, or committing the nuisance. The parent(s) or legal guardian(s) having custody and control of the minor shall be jointly and severally liable with the minor. (Hereinafter, the property owner maintaining the nuisance, as determined by the latest equalized assessment roll or supplemental roll, whichever is more current, and/or the minor or other person creating, causing, or committing the nuisance. The parent(s) or legal guardian(s) having custody and control of the minor shall be jointly referred to as the “Responsible party”)
Notice of Proposed Lien Assessment.
Should the City Manager or his/her designee be required to abate any graffiti as set forth in this Chapter, he/she shall thereafter prepare a statement of all abatement and related administrative cost to determine the actual cost of abatement. The statement of abatement and administrative cost shall be sent to the Responsible Party via United States Postal Service, certified mail, postage thereon fully prepaid. Unless appealed as set forth below, the Responsible Party shall pay to the City the full costs of abatement within thirty (30) days from the mailing of said notice.
Lien.

(a) If all or any portion of the assessed eradication charges remain unpaid after thirty (30) days, pursuant to the authority created by law, such portion thereof as shall remain unpaid shall constitute and is hereby declared to constitute a lien on the property which was the subject matter of the eradication effort. The community services director shall present a resolution of lien to the city council, and upon passage and adoption thereof, shall cause a certified copy thereof to be recorded with the Orange County Recorder’s office and with the Orange County Auditor/Controller. The amount of such charges shall be collected at the same time and in the same manner as ordinary municipal taxes. If delinquent, the amount of such charges shall be subject to the same penalties and the same procedure for foreclosure and sale, as are provided for ordinary municipal taxes.
(b) If all or any portion of the assessed eradication charges remain unpaid after thirty (30) days, pursuant to the authority of Government Code Sections 38772, 38773, 38773.2 and 38773.6, such portion thereof as shall remain unpaid may be made:
(i) A personal obligation of the person causing the graffiti, and if such person be a minor, then also of his or her parent or guardian;
(ii) A lien against the property of the person causing the graffiti, and if such person be a minor, then also against the property of his or her parent or guardian;
(iii) A special assessment against a parcel of land owned by the person causing the graffiti, and if such person be a minor, then also against his or her parent or guardian.

Severability is intended throughout and within the provisions of the Ordinance. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase or portion of the Ordinance is held to be invalid or unconstitutional by a court of competent jurisdiction, then that decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Ordinance.


About Admin

"Admin" is just editors Vern Nelson, Greg Diamond, or Ryan Cantor sharing something that they mostly didn't write themselves, but think you should see. Before December 2010, "Admin" may have been former blog owner Art Pedroza.